Research Period: January 2024 - August 2025

Compilation Date: August 18, 2025

Total Jurisdictions Researched: 51 (50 states + District of Columbia)

Research Methodology: Multi-source verification, parallel processing, comprehensive policy analysis

Bibliography

Government Sources and Official Documents

Alabama Code Title 13A (Criminal Code). (2024). Alabama Legislature. https://www.legislature.state.al.us/

Alabama Department of Education. (2024). Health education curriculum standards. https://www.alsde.edu/

Alaska Department of Education and Early Development. (2024). Health education standards. https://education.alaska.gov/

Alaska Statutes Title 11 (Criminal Law). (2024). Alaska State Legislature. http://www.legis.state.ak.us/

Arizona Department of Education. (2024). Health education standards. https://www.azed.gov/pe/health-education

Arizona Revised Statutes Title 13 (Criminal Code). (2024). Arizona State Legislature. https://www.azleg.gov/

Arkansas Code Title 5 (Criminal Offenses). (2024). Arkansas General Assembly. https://www.arkleg.state.ar.us/

Arkansas Department of Education. (2024). Health and physical education curriculum frameworks. https://dese.ade.arkansas.gov/

California Assembly Bill 3080. (2024). Age verification for internet pornography websites. California Legislative Information. https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/

California Department of Education. (2024). Health education curriculum frameworks. https://www.cde.ca.gov/

California Penal Code. (2024). California Legislative Information. https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2023). Alabama state profile: Sexual health education laws and policies. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. https://www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/policy/pdf/summary_report_factsheets/Alabama.pdf

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2023). Arizona state profile: Sexual health education laws and policies. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. https://www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/policy/pdf/summary_report_factsheets/Arizona.pdf

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2023). School health policies and practices study: Sexual health education state profiles. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. https://www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/policy/

Colorado Department of Education. (2024). Comprehensive health education standards. https://www.cde.state.co.us/

Colorado Revised Statutes Title 18 (Criminal Code). (2024). Colorado General Assembly. https://leg.colorado.gov/

Connecticut General Statutes Title 53a (Penal Code). (2024). Connecticut General Assembly. https://www.cga.ct.gov/

Connecticut State Department of Education. (2024). Health education curriculum standards. https://portal.ct.gov/

Delaware Code Title 11 (Crimes and Criminal Procedure). (2024). Delaware General Assembly. https://legis.delaware.gov/

Delaware Department of Education. (2024). Health education standards. https://www.doe.k12.de.us/

District of Columbia Code § 22-2201 (Certain obscene activities and conduct declared unlawful). (2025). Council of the District of Columbia. https://code.dccouncil.gov/us/dc/council/code/sections/22-2201

District of Columbia Code § 22-2701 (Engaging in prostitution or soliciting for prostitution). (2025). Council of the District of Columbia. https://code.dccouncil.gov/us/dc/council/code/sections/22-2701

District of Columbia Code Title 22, Chapter 27 (Prostitution; Pandering). (2025). Council of the District of Columbia. https://code.dccouncil.gov/us/dc/council/code/titles/22/chapters/27

District of Columbia Office of Zoning. (2024). DC zoning handbook. https://handbook.dcoz.dc.gov/

District of Columbia Office of the State Superintendent of Education. (2016). DC health education standards. https://osse.dc.gov/sites/default/files/dc/sites/osse/publication/attachments/DC Health Education Standards.pdf

District of Columbia Office of the State Superintendent of Education. (2024). Graduation requirements. https://osse.dc.gov/service/graduation-requirements

District of Columbia Office of the State Superintendent of Education. (2024). Health education and physical education standards. https://osse.dc.gov/service/health-education-and-physical-education-standards

District of Columbia Public Schools. (2024). Sexual health education and sexual safety lessons. https://dcps.dc.gov/node/1448876

Florida Department of Education. (2024). Health education curriculum standards. https://www.fldoe.org/

Florida Statutes Chapter 796 (Prostitution). (2024). Florida Legislature. http://www.leg.state.fl.us/

Georgia Department of Education. (2024). Health education performance standards. https://www.gadoe.org/

Hawaii Department of Education. (2024). Health education content and performance standards. http://www.hawaiipublicschools.org/

Hawaii Revised Statutes Chapter 712 (Offenses Against Public Order). (2024). Hawaii State Legislature. https://www.capitol.hawaii.gov/

Idaho Code Title 18 (Crimes and Punishments). (2024). Idaho Legislature. https://legislature.idaho.gov/

Idaho State Department of Education. (2024). Health education standards. https://www.sde.idaho.gov/

Illinois Compiled Statutes 720 ILCS 5 (Criminal Code). (2024). Illinois General Assembly. https://www.ilga.gov/

Illinois State Board of Education. (2024). Health education learning standards. https://www.isbe.net/

Indiana Code Title 35 (Criminal Law and Procedure). (2024). Indiana General Assembly. http://iga.in.gov/

Indiana Department of Education. (2024). Health and wellness education standards. https://www.doe.in.gov/

Iowa Code Chapter 725 (Prostitution). (2024). Iowa Legislature. https://www.legis.iowa.gov/

Iowa Department of Education. (2024). Health education standards. https://educateiowa.gov/

Kansas State Department of Education. (2024). Health education standards. https://www.ksde.org/

Kansas Statutes Chapter 21 (Crimes and Punishments). (2024). Kansas Legislature. http://www.kslegislature.org/

Kentucky Department of Education. (2024). Health education program of studies. https://education.ky.gov/

Kentucky Revised Statutes Chapter 529 (Prostitution and Related Offenses). (2024). Kentucky Legislature. https://legislature.ky.gov/

Louisiana Department of Education. (2024). Health education grade-level expectations. https://www.louisianabelieves.com/

Louisiana Revised Statutes Title 14 (Criminal Law). (2024). Louisiana Legislature. http://www.legis.la.gov/

Maine Department of Education. (2024). Health education and physical education standards. https://www.maine.gov/doe/

Maine Revised Statutes Title 17-A (Maine Criminal Code). (2024). Maine Legislature. http://legislature.maine.gov/

Maryland Code, Criminal Law Title 11 (Sex Offenses). (2024). Maryland General Assembly. http://mgaleg.maryland.gov/

Maryland State Department of Education. (2024). Health education curriculum. http://www.marylandpublicschools.org/

Massachusetts Department of Elementary and Secondary Education. (2024). Health curriculum frameworks. http://www.doe.mass.edu/

Massachusetts General Laws Chapter 272 (Crimes Against Chastity, Morality, Decency and Good Order). (2024). Massachusetts Legislature. https://malegislature.gov/

Michigan Compiled Laws Chapter 750 (Michigan Penal Code). (2024). Michigan Legislature. http://www.legislature.mi.gov/

Michigan Department of Education. (2024). Health education standards. https://www.michigan.gov/mde

Minnesota Department of Education. (2024). Health education standards. https://education.mn.gov/

Minnesota Statutes Chapter 609 (Criminal Code). (2024). Minnesota Legislature. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/

Mississippi Code Title 97 (Crimes). (2024). Mississippi Legislature. http://billstatus.ls.state.ms.us/

Mississippi Department of Education. (2024). Health education curriculum frameworks. https://www.mdek12.org/

Missouri Department of Elementary and Secondary Education. (2024). Health education grade-level expectations. https://dese.mo.gov/

Missouri Revised Statutes Chapter 567 (Prostitution). (2024). Missouri General Assembly. http://www.moga.mo.gov/

Montana Code Annotated Title 45 (Crimes). (2024). Montana Legislature. http://leg.mt.gov/

Montana Office of Public Instruction. (2024). Health enhancement standards. http://opi.mt.gov/

Nebraska Department of Education. (2024). Health education standards. https://www.education.ne.gov/

Nebraska Revised Statutes Chapter 28 (Crimes and Punishments). (2024). Nebraska Legislature. https://nebraskalegislature.gov/

Nevada Department of Education. (2024). Health education standards. http://www.doe.nv.gov/

Nevada Revised Statutes Chapter 201 (Crimes Against Public Decency and Good Morals). (2024). Nevada Legislature. https://www.leg.state.nv.us/

New Hampshire Department of Education. (2024). Health education curriculum guidelines. https://www.education.nh.gov/

New Hampshire Revised Statutes Title LXII (Criminal Code). (2024). New Hampshire General Court. http://gencourt.state.nh.us/

New Jersey Department of Education. (2024). Comprehensive health and physical education standards. https://www.nj.gov/education/

New Jersey Statutes Title 2C (The New Jersey Code of Criminal Justice). (2024). New Jersey Legislature. https://www.njleg.state.nj.us/

New Mexico Public Education Department. (2024). Health education content standards. https://webnew.ped.state.nm.us/

New Mexico Statutes Chapter 30 (Criminal Offenses). (2024). New Mexico Legislature. https://www.nmlegis.gov/

New York Department of State. (2024). Legal memorandum LU03: Municipal regulation of adult uses. https://dos.ny.gov/legal-memorandum-lu03-municipal-regulation-adult-uses

New York Penal Law Article 230 (Prostitution Offenses). (2024). New York State Legislature. https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws

New York State Assembly Bill A3946. (2025). Age verification for internet pornography websites. https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/bills/2025/A3946

North Carolina Department of Public Instruction. (2024). Healthful living education standard course of study. https://www.dpi.nc.gov/

North Carolina General Statutes Chapter 14 (Criminal Law). (2024). North Carolina General Assembly. https://www.ncleg.gov/

North Dakota Century Code Title 12.1 (Criminal Code). (2024). North Dakota Legislative Assembly. https://www.legis.nd.gov/

North Dakota Department of Public Instruction. (2024). Health education content standards. https://www.nd.gov/dpi/

Official Code of Georgia Annotated Title 16 (Crimes and Offenses). (2024). Georgia General Assembly. http://www.legis.ga.gov/

Ohio Department of Education. (2024). Health education learning standards. http://education.ohio.gov/

Ohio Revised Code Title 29 (Crimes - Procedure). (2024). Ohio General Assembly. https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/

Oklahoma State Department of Education. (2024). Health and safety education academic standards. https://sde.ok.gov/

Oklahoma Statutes Title 21 (Crimes and Punishments). (2024). Oklahoma Legislature. http://www.oklegislature.gov/

Oregon Department of Education. (2024). Health education standards. https://www.oregon.gov/ode/

Oregon Revised Statutes Chapter 167 (Offenses Against Public Order). (2024). Oregon Legislative Assembly. https://www.oregonlegislature.gov/

Pennsylvania Consolidated Statutes Title 18 (Crimes Code). (2024). Pennsylvania General Assembly. https://www.legis.state.pa.us/

Pennsylvania Department of Education. (2024). Health, safety and physical education standards. https://www.education.pa.gov/

Rhode Island Department of Education. (2024). Health education standards. https://www.ride.ri.gov/

Rhode Island General Laws Title 11 (Criminal Offenses). (2024). Rhode Island General Assembly. http://webserver.rilin.state.ri.us/

South Carolina Code of Laws Title 16 (Crimes and Offenses). (2024). South Carolina Legislature. https://www.scstatehouse.gov/

South Carolina Department of Education. (2024). Health and safety education standards. https://ed.sc.gov/

South Dakota Codified Laws Title 22 (Crimes). (2024). South Dakota Legislature. http://sdlegislature.gov/

South Dakota Department of Education. (2024). Health education content standards. https://doe.sd.gov/

Tennessee Code Annotated Title 39 (Criminal Offenses). (2024). Tennessee General Assembly. http://www.capitol.tn.gov/

Tennessee Department of Education. (2024). Health education standards. https://www.tn.gov/education/

Utah Code Title 76 (Utah Criminal Code). (2024). Utah State Legislature. https://le.utah.gov/

Utah State Board of Education. (2024). Health education core standards. https://www.schools.utah.gov/

Vermont Agency of Education. (2024). Health education standards. https://education.vermont.gov/

Vermont Statutes Title 13 (Crimes and Criminal Procedure). (2024). Vermont General Assembly. https://legislature.vermont.gov/

Virginia Department of Education. (2024). Health education standards of learning. http://www.doe.virginia.gov/

Virginia General Assembly. (2024). Code of Virginia Title 18.2 (Crimes and Offenses Generally). https://lis.virginia.gov/

Washington Office of Superintendent of Public Instruction. (2024). Health and fitness learning standards. https://www.k12.wa.us/

Washington State Legislature. (2024). Revised Code of Washington Title 9A (Washington Criminal Code). http://leg.wa.gov/

West Virginia Code Chapter 61 (Crimes and Their Punishment). (2024). West Virginia Legislature. http://www.wvlegislature.gov/

West Virginia Department of Education. (2024). Health education content standards. https://wvde.us/

Wisconsin Department of Public Instruction. (2024). Health education standards. https://dpi.wi.gov/

Wisconsin Statutes Chapter 944 (Crimes Against Sexual Morality and Decency). (2024). Wisconsin Legislature. https://docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/

Wyoming Department of Education. (2024). Health education content and performance standards. https://edu.wyoming.gov/

Wyoming Statutes Title 6 (Crimes and Offenses). (2024). Wyoming Legislature. https://www.wyoleg.gov/

Academic and Research Organizations

American Civil Liberties Union. (2024). Sex worker rights and criminal justice reform. https://www.aclu.org/

ACLU of Southern California. (2024). Sex worker rights in California. https://www.aclusocal.org/en/know-your-rights/sex-worker-rights-california

Education Commission of the States. (2022, July 28). State information request: State sex education policies [PDF]. https://www.ecs.org/wp-content/uploads/State-Information-Request_State-Sex-Education-Policies.pdf

GLSEN. (2024, December 13). Inclusive curricular standards policies. GLSEN Navigator. https://maps.glsen.org/inclusive-curricular-standards-policies/

Guttmacher Institute. (2024). Sex and HIV education state laws and policies. https://www.guttmacher.org/state-policy/explore/sex-and-hiv-education

Human Rights Campaign. (2024). State equality index: LGBTQ+ policy assessments. https://www.hrc.org/campaigns/state-equality-index

National Center for Health Statistics. (2024). Sexual behavior and health statistics. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

National Conference of State Legislatures. (2020, October 1). State policies on sex education in schools. https://www.ncsl.org/health/state-policies-on-sex-education-in-schools

Planned Parenthood Federation of America. (2024). Sex education state laws and policies. https://www.plannedparenthood.org/

Sex Education Collaborative. (2024). Alaska state profile. https://sexeducationcollaborative.org/states/alaska

Sex Education Collaborative. (2024). Arkansas state profile. https://sexeducationcollaborative.org/states/arkansas

Sex Education Collaborative. (2024). Colorado state profile. https://sexeducationcollaborative.org/states/colorado

Sex Education Collaborative. (2024). Connecticut state profile. https://sexeducationcollaborative.org/states/connecticut

Sex Education Collaborative. (2024). Delaware state profile. https://sexeducationcollaborative.org/states/delaware

Sex Education Collaborative. (2024). District of Columbia state profile. https://sexeducationcollaborative.org/states/district-columbia

Sex Education Collaborative. (2024). Florida state profile. https://sexeducationcollaborative.org/states/florida

Sex Education Collaborative. (2024). Georgia state profile. https://sexeducationcollaborative.org/states/georgia

Sex Education Collaborative. (2024). Hawaii state profile. https://sexeducationcollaborative.org/states/hawaii

Sex Education Collaborative. (2024). Idaho state profile. https://sexeducationcollaborative.org/states/idaho

Sex Education Collaborative. (2024). Illinois state profile. https://sexeducationcollaborative.org/states/illinois

Sex Education Collaborative. (2024). Indiana state profile. https://sexeducationcollaborative.org/states/indiana

Sex Education Collaborative. (2024). Iowa state profile. https://sexeducationcollaborative.org/states/iowa

Sex Education Collaborative. (2024). Kansas state profile. https://sexeducationcollaborative.org/states/kansas

Sex Education Collaborative. (2024). Kentucky state profile. https://sexeducationcollaborative.org/states/kentucky

Sex Education Collaborative. (2024). Louisiana state profile. https://sexeducationcollaborative.org/states/louisiana

Sex Education Collaborative. (2024). Maine state profile. https://sexeducationcollaborative.org/states/maine

Sex Education Collaborative. (2024). Maryland state profile. https://sexeducationcollaborative.org/states/maryland

Sex Education Collaborative. (2024). Massachusetts state profile. https://sexeducationcollaborative.org/states/massachusetts

Sex Education Collaborative. (2024). Michigan state profile. https://sexeducationcollaborative.org/states/michigan

Sex Education Collaborative. (2024). Minnesota state profile. https://sexeducationcollaborative.org/states/minnesota

Sex Education Collaborative. (2024). Mississippi state profile. https://sexeducationcollaborative.org/states/mississippi

Sex Education Collaborative. (2024). Missouri state profile. https://sexeducationcollaborative.org/states/missouri

Sex Education Collaborative. (2024). Montana state profile. https://sexeducationcollaborative.org/states/montana

Sex Education Collaborative. (2024). Nebraska state profile. https://sexeducationcollaborative.org/states/nebraska

Sex Education Collaborative. (2024). Nevada state profile. https://sexeducationcollaborative.org/states/nevada

Sex Education Collaborative. (2024). New Hampshire state profile. https://sexeducationcollaborative.org/states/new-hampshire

Sex Education Collaborative. (2024). New Jersey state profile. https://sexeducationcollaborative.org/states/new-jersey

Sex Education Collaborative. (2024). New Mexico state profile. https://sexeducationcollaborative.org/states/new-mexico

Sex Education Collaborative. (2024). North Carolina state profile. https://sexeducationcollaborative.org/states/north-carolina

Sex Education Collaborative. (2024). North Dakota state profile. https://sexeducationcollaborative.org/states/north-dakota

Sex Education Collaborative. (2024). Ohio state profile. https://sexeducationcollaborative.org/states/ohio

Sex Education Collaborative. (2024). Oklahoma state profile. https://sexeducationcollaborative.org/states/oklahoma

Sex Education Collaborative. (2024). Oregon state profile. https://sexeducationcollaborative.org/states/oregon

Sex Education Collaborative. (2024). Pennsylvania state profile. https://sexeducationcollaborative.org/states/pennsylvania

Sex Education Collaborative. (2024). Rhode Island state profile. https://sexeducationcollaborative.org/states/rhode-island

Sex Education Collaborative. (2024). South Carolina state profile. https://sexeducationcollaborative.org/states/south-carolina

Sex Education Collaborative. (2024). South Dakota state profile. https://sexeducationcollaborative.org/states/south-dakota

Sex Education Collaborative. (2024). State profiles: Sex education laws and policies. https://sexeducationcollaborative.org/states/

Sex Education Collaborative. (2024). Tennessee state profile. https://sexeducationcollaborative.org/states/tennessee

Sex Education Collaborative. (2024). Utah state profile. https://sexeducationcollaborative.org/states/utah

Sex Education Collaborative. (2024). Vermont state profile. https://sexeducationcollaborative.org/states/vermont

Sex Education Collaborative. (2024). Virginia state profile. https://sexeducationcollaborative.org/states/virginia

Sex Education Collaborative. (2024). Washington state profile. https://sexeducationcollaborative.org/states/washington

Sex Education Collaborative. (2024). West Virginia state profile. https://sexeducationcollaborative.org/states/west-virginia

Sex Education Collaborative. (2024). Wisconsin state profile. https://sexeducationcollaborative.org/states/wisconsin

Sex Education Collaborative. (2024). Wyoming state profile. https://sexeducationcollaborative.org/states/wyoming

SIECUS: Sex Ed for Social Change. (2023). District of Columbia state profile. https://siecus.org/state_profile/district-of-columbia-state-profile-23/

Legal Databases and Information Services

Ervin Kibria Law. (2025, March 11). Is prostitution legal in DC? Laws & penalties explained. https://ervinkibrialaw.com/is-prostitution-legal-in-dc/

FindLaw. (2024). Alabama prostitution laws. Thomson Reuters. https://www.findlaw.com/state/alabama-law/alabama-prostitution-laws.html

FindLaw. (2024). New York prostitution laws. Thomson Reuters. https://www.findlaw.com/state/new-york-law/new-york-prostitution-laws.html

FindLaw. (2024). State prostitution laws. Thomson Reuters. https://www.findlaw.com/state/

Justia. (2024). 2024 District of Columbia Code Title 22 - Criminal Offenses and Penalties Chapter 22 - Obscenity. https://law.justia.com/codes/district-of-columbia/title-22/chapter-22/

Justia. (2024). State criminal law codes and statutes. https://law.justia.com/codes/

Shouse California Law Group. (2025, January 25). Is prostitution ever legal in California? https://www.shouselaw.com/ca/blog/is-prostitution-legal-in-california/

News and Media Sources

Kindbridge. (2024). Online pornography age verification laws by US state. https://kindbridge.com/online-pornography-age-verification-laws-by-state-map/

NBC Washington. (2025, June 30). New laws in DC, Maryland and Virginia go into effect July 1. https://www.nbcwashington.com/news/local/new-laws-in-dc-maryland-and-virginia-go-into-effect-july-1/3945272/

Legal Precedents and Court Cases

Barnes v. Glen Theatre, 501 U.S. 560 (1991). [Adult entertainment regulation]

City of Renton v. Playtime Theatres, 475 U.S. 41 (1986). [Secondary effects doctrine]

Miller v. California, 413 U.S. 15 (1973). [Obscenity standard]

Young v. American Mini Theatres, 427 U.S. 50 (1976). [Adult business zoning]

Research Methodology Notes

Data Collection Methods:

Parallel processing research across 50 states using advanced AI agents
Multi-source verification for accuracy and completeness
Primary source prioritization (official government documents)
Cross-reference validation across academic and legal databases
Real-time legislative tracking for current law updates

Research Scope:

51 total jurisdictions (50 states + District of Columbia)
13 policy categories per jurisdiction for sexuality laws
11 policy categories per jurisdiction for health education
Comprehensive visualization analysis with 16+ chart types
Statistical scoring systems (5 different indices created)

Limitations and Considerations:

Laws subject to frequent legislative changes
Local ordinances may vary significantly within states
Implementation and enforcement may differ from written policy
Some sources may reflect proposed rather than enacted legislation
Federal vs. state jurisdiction complexities in Washington DC

Data Verification Period:

All sources accessed and verified between January 2024 and August 2025. For the most current legal information, consult official state legal databases and recent legislative updates.

This bibliography follows APA 7th Edition style guidelines and represents comprehensive research across all major US jurisdictions for health education policy and sexuality law analysis.

Bibliography: Health Education Policy and Sexuality Laws Research